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- Economy
-
- Overview: The economy, a mixture of private enterprises
- of all sizes and extensive government intervention, experienced
- enormous difficulties in the late 1980s, notably declining
- real growth, runaway inflation, foreign debt obligations
- of more than $100 billion, and uncertain economic policy.
- Government intervention includes trade and investment restrictions,
- wage/price controls, interest and exchange rate controls,
- and extensive tariff barriers. Ownership of major industrial
- facilities is divided among private interests, the government,
- and multinational companies. Ownership in agriculture likewise
- is varied, with the government intervening in the politically
- sensitive issues involving large landowners and the masses
- of poor peasants. In consultation with the IMF, the Brazilian
- Government has initiated several programs over the last
- few years to ameliorate the stagnation and foreign debt
- problems. None of these has given more than temporary relief.
- The strategy of the new Collor government is to increase
- the pace of privatization, encourage foreign trade and investment,
- and establish a more realistic exchange rate. One long-run
- strength is the existence of vast natural resources.
-
- GDP: $377 billion, per capita $2,500; real growth rate 3% (1989 est.).
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1,765% (1989).
-
- Unemployment rate: 2.5% (December 1989).
-
- Budget: revenues $27.8 billion; expenditures $40.1 billion,
- including capital expenditures of $8.8 billion (1986).
-
- Exports: $34.2 billion (1989 est.); commodities--coffee,
- metallurgical products, chemical products, foodstuffs, iron
- ore, automobiles and parts; partners--US 28%, EC 26%, Latin
- America 11%, Japan 6% (1987).
-
- Imports: $18.0 billion (1989 est.); commodities--crude oil,
- capital goods, chemical products, foodstuffs, coal; partners--Middle
- East and Africa 24%, EC 22%, US 21%, Latin America 12%,
- Japan 6% (1987).
-
- External debt: $109 billion (December 1989).
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 3.2% (1989 est.).
-
- Electricity: 52,865,000 kW capacity; 202,280 million kWh
- produced, 1,340 kWh per capita (1989).
-
- Industries: textiles and other consumer goods, shoes, chemicals,
- cement, lumber, iron ore, steel, motor vehicles and auto
- parts, metalworking, capital goods, tin.
-
- Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP; world's largest producer
- and exporter of coffee and orange juice concentrate and
- second-largest exporter of soybeans; other products--rice,
- corn, sugarcane, cocoa, beef; self-sufficient in food, except
- for wheat.
-
- Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and coca, mostly
- for domestic consumption; government has an active eradication
- program to control cannabis and coca cultivation.
-
- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $2.5 billion;
- Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
- (1970-87), $9.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $284
- million; Communist countries (1970-88), $1.3 billion.
-
- Currency: novo cruzado (plural--novos cruzados); 1 novo
- cruzado (NCr$) = 100 centavos.
-
- Exchange rates: novos cruzados (NCr$) per US$1--2.83392 (1989),
- 0.26238 (1988), 0.03923 (1987), 0.01366 (1986), 0.00620 (1985);
- note--25 tourist/parallel rate (December 1989).
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year.
-