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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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brazil.4
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1991-04-07
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Economy
Overview: The economy, a mixture of private enterprises
of all sizes and extensive government intervention, experienced
enormous difficulties in the late 1980s, notably declining
real growth, runaway inflation, foreign debt obligations
of more than $100 billion, and uncertain economic policy.
Government intervention includes trade and investment restrictions,
wage/price controls, interest and exchange rate controls,
and extensive tariff barriers. Ownership of major industrial
facilities is divided among private interests, the government,
and multinational companies. Ownership in agriculture likewise
is varied, with the government intervening in the politically
sensitive issues involving large landowners and the masses
of poor peasants. In consultation with the IMF, the Brazilian
Government has initiated several programs over the last
few years to ameliorate the stagnation and foreign debt
problems. None of these has given more than temporary relief.
The strategy of the new Collor government is to increase
the pace of privatization, encourage foreign trade and investment,
and establish a more realistic exchange rate. One long-run
strength is the existence of vast natural resources.
GDP: $377 billion, per capita $2,500; real growth rate 3% (1989 est.).
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1,765% (1989).
Unemployment rate: 2.5% (December 1989).
Budget: revenues $27.8 billion; expenditures $40.1 billion,
including capital expenditures of $8.8 billion (1986).
Exports: $34.2 billion (1989 est.); commodities--coffee,
metallurgical products, chemical products, foodstuffs, iron
ore, automobiles and parts; partners--US 28%, EC 26%, Latin
America 11%, Japan 6% (1987).
Imports: $18.0 billion (1989 est.); commodities--crude oil,
capital goods, chemical products, foodstuffs, coal; partners--Middle
East and Africa 24%, EC 22%, US 21%, Latin America 12%,
Japan 6% (1987).
External debt: $109 billion (December 1989).
Industrial production: growth rate 3.2% (1989 est.).
Electricity: 52,865,000 kW capacity; 202,280 million kWh
produced, 1,340 kWh per capita (1989).
Industries: textiles and other consumer goods, shoes, chemicals,
cement, lumber, iron ore, steel, motor vehicles and auto
parts, metalworking, capital goods, tin.
Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP; world's largest producer
and exporter of coffee and orange juice concentrate and
second-largest exporter of soybeans; other products--rice,
corn, sugarcane, cocoa, beef; self-sufficient in food, except
for wheat.
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and coca, mostly
for domestic consumption; government has an active eradication
program to control cannabis and coca cultivation.
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $2.5 billion;
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1970-87), $9.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $284
million; Communist countries (1970-88), $1.3 billion.
Currency: novo cruzado (plural--novos cruzados); 1 novo
cruzado (NCr$) = 100 centavos.
Exchange rates: novos cruzados (NCr$) per US$1--2.83392 (1989),
0.26238 (1988), 0.03923 (1987), 0.01366 (1986), 0.00620 (1985);
note--25 tourist/parallel rate (December 1989).
Fiscal year: calendar year.